Works Cited

2. Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) 366. Eagleton, on the verge of recovering rhetoric in earlier work, seems to abandon this project in his major statement about aesthetic theory. It was in rhetorical education and oratorical practice that these three “mighty regions” were most often connected. See, for example, his “small history of rhetoric” in Walter Benjamin, Or, Towards a Revolutionary Criticism (London: Verso, 1981) 101-113.

3. See Richard Posner, “Rhetoric, Advocacy, and Legal Reasoning,” in his Overcoming Law (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995): “We expect ancient and primitive societies to have highly developed rhetorical techniques, because these techniques do not depend on the possession of modern scientific or technological knowledge and because they are especially valuable in settings where information costs are high” (504). See also Alvin P. Gouldner’s discussion of the social impact of print in The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology (NY: Seabury, 1976) 91-117. There is difference between the “public” brought into being by modern ideology and print technology and the “audience” of the traditional orator.

4. Milton Friedman had argued that markets and democracy go hand in hand: see Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962) 7-21. The economies of China and Singapore—and, increasingly, the U.S.-- suggest otherwise.

5. See Jon Elster, Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) 459.

6. Elster 465.

7. Marx and Engels, “The German Ideology,” Collected Works, Vol. 3 (NY: International Publishers, 1975) 59.

8. Marx and Engels, “The German Ideology,” 92.

9. Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law: Introduction,” Collected Works, Vol. 3, 174.

10. Marx and Engels, “The German Ideology,” 59.

11. Elster 473.

12. James Arnt Aune, Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness (N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2001).

13. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, tr. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (NY: International Publishers, 1977), 418.

14. The Party takes the place of “the divinity or the categorical imperative,” Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 133.

15.See, for example, Joseph P. Zompetti, “Toward a Gramscian Critical Rhetoric,” Western Journal of Communication 61 (Winter 1997): 66-86. As is typical of Critical Rhetoricians, Zompetti cannot seem to bring himself to utter the words “working class,” although he manages to dismiss the labor movement in a few sentences.

16. See Elster 44.

17. For an amusing account, see Jacob Heilbrunn, “Con Games,” New Republic, October 20, 1997: 17-18.

18. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 395.

19. Paul Piccone, Italian Marxism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) 196-197.

20. The following discussion of mediation draws heavily on the article, “Mediation,” in Tom Bottomore et al., eds., A Dictionary of Marxist Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983) 329-330.

21. Jurgen Habermas, “What Does Socialism Mean Today?” in Robin Blackburn, ed., After the Fall: The Failure of Communism and the Future of Socialism (London: Verso, 1991) 32.

22. Kenneth Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives (Berkeley: U of California P, 1969) 22.

23. The classic statement is Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (NY: Free Press, 1976), recently reissued in a new edition. See also William J. Bennett, The De-Valuing of America: The Fight for Our Culture and Our Children (Colorado Springs: Focus on the Family, 1994).

24.Erik Olin Wright, Classes (London: Verso, 1985) 6-18; the diagram is reproduced from p. 9.

25. See especially Anthony Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory (Berkeley: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

26. See James W. Carey, “Space, Time, and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis,” Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1989) 160-161.

27. Peter Huber, “Cyberpower,” Forbes, December 2, 1996: 142-147. Esther Dyson, Release 2.0 (N.Y.: Broadway Books, 1997).

28. Huber 142.

29. See especially Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990) 130-131.

30. John Louis Lucaites and Celeste Michelle Condit, “Reconstructing ‘Equality’: Culturetypal and Counter-Cultural Rhetorics in the Martyred Black Vision,” Communication Monographs 57 (1990): 7-8. James Darsey, The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America(NY: New York University Press, 1997).

31. Lucaites and Condit 7.

32. Lucaites and Condit 7-8.

33. Fredric Jameson, Wyndham Lewis: The Modernist As Fascist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979) 99.

34. Jameson, Wyndham Lewis 99n9.

35. See Fredric Jameson, “The Vanishing Mediator; or, Max Weber as Storyteller,” The Ideologies of Theory, Vol. 2: The Syntax of History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988) 10. For an another application of the semiotic rectangle to rhetoric, see James Arnt Aune, “Reinhold Niebuhr and the Rhetoric of Christian Realism,” in Francis A. Beer and Robert Hariman, eds., Post-Realism: The Rhetorical Turn in International Relations (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996) 75-93.

Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

See Edwin Black, “The Second Persona,” QJS 55 (1970): 113; Philip Wander, “The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984) 209.

See Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) 409-17.