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Acknowledgements:
I would like to thank several people who made important contributions to this paper: Dr. Stephanie Coopman, Editor, for her encouragement and helpful suggestions; Dr. Norman Clark, Editor, for his technical formatting assistance; the two anonymous ACJ reviewers for their insightful responses to an earlier version of this paper; and finally, to Dr. Jay Moore, expert on all matters behavioral, for his in-depth critique of the near-final version of this paper.
Tables
Basic Features of Three Major Behaviorisms
|
ClassicalBehaviorism |
MethodologicalBehaviorism |
RadicalBehaviorism |
Philosophical Influences
|
Anticipates logical positivism:Presumes objective observers. |
Logical positivism:Presumes objective observers. |
Pragmatism:Presumes observers reports are a function of ones interaction with natural/social contingencies.
|
Locust of Explanatory Appeals |
Environment:Environment impacts passive organism.
Environment determines behavior. |
Organism:Inferred covert attributes mediate overt behaviors.
Mediational events determine behavior. |
Interaction:Organism operates on natural or social environments and experiences the consequences.
Organisms and environments co-determine each other.
|
Focus of Learning Theory |
Classical conditioning operations:The paired presentation of unconditioned and conditioned stimulus events.
|
No learning theory:Its perspective is open to the construction of all types of mediational theories. |
Operant learning operations:Organisms operate on the environment and are influenced by the consequences. |
Type of Knowledge Generated |
Statements about: Learned associations among directly observable overt events. |
Statements about: The influence of inferred covert attributes on other attributes or on overt behaviors. |
Statements about: Learned functional relations among directly observable covert and/or overt events.
|
Truth Criterion |
Implicitly truth by agreement:Anticipates logical positivism. |
Truth by agreement:Truth is achieved through agreement among objective observers who share an objective language. |
Truth by workability:Truth is achieved as one or more people gain experience with how something works; i.e., how it functions in a particular setting.
|
Behavioral Treatments of Human Language
|
ClassicalBehaviorism |
MethodologicalBehaviorism |
RadicalBehaviorism |
Perspective on Language
|
Monistic:Presumes that language is a form of learned behavior. |
Dualistic:Language and behavior occupy different domains. Symbolic activities are separate from ways of behaving. |
Monistic:Everything we do or say is behavior. Symbolic activity is a specialized form of social behavior.
|
Perspective on Language and Meaning |
Implicitly referential:The meaning of a language event is acquired through its association with another event. Eventually, words come to signal or signify those other events.
|
Referential:The meaning of a language event is discovered by identifying the thing to which it refers. Words refer to things; they denote, describe, or signify.
|
Contextual:The meaning of a language event is discovered by identifying the natural and/or social contingencies that occasion its use. Words refer people to things. They frame things relationally.
|
Operational Definitions |
Implicitly structural:Anticipates conventional operationism. Overt events are defined in terms of their topographical features.
|
Structural:Inferred covert/ observable overt events are defined in terms of their topographical manifestations/ features. |
Functional:Directly observable covert/overt events are defined in terms of their functional relatedness to other events in a specific setting. Talk is relational framing. |